Injustices faced by black people in South America Essays

Injustices faced by black people in South America Essays Injustices faced by black people in South America Essay Injustices faced by black people in South America Essay Essay Topic: Black Boy I am going to use the film The Colour Purple to look at the way Steven Spielberg uses media techniques to look at the injustices faced by black people in South America in the 1930s. I will be using evidence from the film to help support my answers. The slave trade made the black people to come to America in the 17th and 18th century. But this was abolished in 1870 by the civil war which had broken out. However, what the white people had thought of the blacks did take a lot longer to change. The black people in South America in the 1930s were treated terribly, especially the women, and were given no rights. Black people werent allowed the same rights as whites and had no rights over them. Black women had no rights over men and could be abused, beaten, raped and forced to do anything the black men wanted. The film The Colour Purple is about two black sisters named Nettie and Celie. Celie was raped twice in her youth and had two babies taken away from her dad and think her dad has killed them. Then Celie to a new home with Mr. (whos name we do not know). But Mr. Prefers Nettie. Nettie then later moves in with Celie and Mr. Who then tries to rape Nettie on her way to school, but she fights back and stops him from doing so. When Nettie returns Mr. Kicks her out. She then promises to write to Celie but none of her letters reach her. Later on Celie meets Shug Avery who Mr falls in love with. When Celie grows up, Shug Avery helps Celie to find the letters when Mr went away. She then finds the letters hidden under the floor boards under a chest; she then becomes mad with Mr for hiding the letters. Celie reads all the letters, which leads up to Mr asking for a shave. This is when Celie gets the idea to slit Mrs throat, but fails when Shug stops her just in time. A few years later Celie gets t he house due to Mr dieing of old age. Celie then receives a letter from Nettie saying she is returning from Africa with Celies son and daughter. They soon return to America and end up living together. The film starts with credits written in purple on a black background with only the sound of birds fading into the background. This shows it is a serious film because there is no happy music or any sounds that relate to anything happy. The film starts and the first thing you see is a field of purple flowers on a sunny day with some happy music. The two girls are running around happy as Larry, singing and laughing and dancing through the field of tall purple flowers. Spielberg uses a crab shot to make us feel part of the film. As they come out of the field and you can see their whole body you immediately notice that something is wrong as one girl, Celie, seems to be pregnant. The dad then arrives and insults the pregnant girl by saying: Celie you have the ugliest smile this side of the equator. This shows that Celie is being treated badly and unfairly and also gives a bad impression of the dad. Suddenly the scene goes into a dramatic form from a peaceful yet powerful form. You can now see Celie on a bed screaming and crying in pain on a bed in what seems to be a barn of some sort. The background outside is a windy and all together bad weather view, which really gives the emphasis of a dramatic scene. Her sister, Nettie, is there trying to calm Celie down as she soaks a blood covered cloth in a bowl of blood red water. Then we immediately realise Celie is giving birth. The shots of the camera are a lot of close up shots to show the feeling and emotion on the characters faces. The dad then comes in and shouts: Aint you done yet? which shows he is bored of waiting. When Celie is done giving birth her dad comes in and takes the baby way gives us an even worse impression of their dad. It also makes us feel sorry for Celie going through all that pain for nothing. In the second key scene shows Celie and Nettie running around in the garden of Mr, who is reading his paper. He then looks up and blanks out Celie with his paper and watches Nettie. The scene then changes to follow Nettie down a country road with books in her hand. The audience picks up the impression that Nettie is on the way to school. Then we see Mr riding up beside her on his horse. The road then splits into two and goes around a group of trees. Nettie goes around one side and Mr going the other side. They can just see each other through the trees. The shots used by Spielberg are more crab shots so we can see the view points of each of the characters eyes. Nettie can see Mr smiling through the trees and becomes scared so walks faster, almost to a jog. She looks over again and just sees the horse with no Mr as the rider. The paths then meet up again and Mr is not on the horse or visible to Nettie. He pops out behind Nettie out of the trees laughing. He removes his hat and flower petals fall out. All these visual clues give us the impression that Nettie is going to be raped by Mr. The scene is made tenser by the silence of no music and only Mr singing to Nettie and the sound of the horse foot steps. He then grabs her, as she keeps repeating the line: I gotta go to school! Nettie is then dragged out of view into the bushes by Mr. You then her screams making the scene very dramatic. Suddenly Mr is heard shouting and it is obvious he is hurt and is in pain. The next visual of Nettie and Mr we see is Nettie running and Mr falling to the ground holding his groin. He then says: Im gonna get you. This shows a big injustice to black women and their rights in that Mr tries to rape Nettie in broad daylight. This shows us that Mr has a poor view towards women and doesnt care if he is caught. The third key scene is about whites having control over the blacks. Spielberg has started the scene with a cheery fashion with a guitarist playing in a happy town centre environment. It starts with Ms. Millie looking and complimenting Ms. Sofias children, as she kisses and hugs them. Ms. Millie cannot leave the children and starts the trouble by asking Ms. Sofia if shell be her maid as which she replies: Hell no. This builds up the tension as the people turn and look. The mayor goes up to Ms. Sofia and slaps her. Ms. Sofia becomes angry and slowly clenches her fists. As she hits him a van drives past and blocks the view of the audience building up more tension. When the van has drove past you see the mayor floored. You can tell she has obviously hit him. All the town people crowd round and start shouting abuse at Ms. Sofia. This, again, builds up tension as you want to know how she will escape the situation. The camera scans round showing the emotion on the town folks faces and finally Ms. Sofias. She then spots the sheriff and shouts for help but instead he hits her with the handle of the gun and she lies on the floor. The wind then blows her skirt up showing her underwear. This has been done as it creates humiliation and lose of dignity. The camera shot here is a birds-eye view of things making Ms. Sofia look small and helpless. The forth and final key scene is the scene in which Celie is reading the letters from Nettie she and Shug have found. This has been done to show the readings of the letters in corresponding lives. The scene is bright and sunny in different scenarios. The scene tells the story of the excitement of Netties new life in Africa. In Africa the white men are building a new road straight through the village of the black people in which Nettie is staying. The blacks dont have a say in the matter. In Netties story there has also been a tribal ritual in which children are given the scars of the tribe on their faces. The scene ends up being built into a very tense scene. Celie is being forced to give Mr a shave and is sharpening the blade on the razor. Whilst this is happening Shug is applying red nail varnish. She is also wearing red. Red has been chosen to symbolise danger. Then Mrs children run past and tell Shug, Celie is giving Mr a shave. She immediately realises the danger and runs back to the house in time to stop Celie from killing Mr. Spielberg uses the techniques well by switching between the two countries; zooming in on both the tribes childs face and Mrs neck, and also Shug sprinting to the house in time. This technique is a excellent way to build the tension, and is doubled by the help of the music becoming quicker and quicker, until contact is made on the boys face. The camera is then flicked to Mrs still face, as if he has been killed. Then the camera is pulled out in order to see Shug holding Celies arm back with the razor in her hand. In conclusion, I think Spielberg has created the drama and excitement needed to portray the injustices of black people in South America in the 1930s, by using the camera angles and music to his advantage. The injustices portrayed successfully are that of: * Women not allowed to keep their children * Women getting raped and beaten And * African countries having to suffer to the expense to white European nations. Overall Spielberg has created a very successful film by using many different camera angles and the use of music to produce the film.

Three Common Writing Mistakes in University Essays

Three Common Writing Mistakes in University Essays Three Common Writing Mistakes in University Essays Essay writing is a challenge university students frequently face. Anyone who hopes to earn high grades needs to spend quality time writing convincing papers. Guides for writing essays suggest having a structured text, solid thesis, and reliable resources. All these tips are useful, but students frequently mishandle their time and make mistakes. Some of the minor ones can be avoided with a little awareness: â€Å"Stolen† Content Plagiarism is the act of taking someone else’s work and claiming it as your own. It is an offense taken very seriously in the academic and legal worlds. Students should not merely rephrase other content, but use it as a reference, with appropriate attribution.Plagiarism search engines are easily accessible; many professors use them to check students’ work. Write with a fresh, personal approach and use footnotes and other tools to cite your references. Excessive Arguments Professors suggest their students have strong arguments to defend their essays. Be careful not to overdo it. You might be tempted to fill your essays with as many statistics and quotes as possible, but this can work to your detriment. Too many disconnected facts or statements make for muddled work. Keep your arguments focused. Shorter essays should be limited to approximately three main arguments to keep everything connected and orderly. Unrevised Papers You have spent a considerable amount of time mulling over your essay and writing to the best of your abilities, and then finally, it’s finished. However, your work is not yet done. Take a short break and then give it a second read. You might start noticing some opportunities for improvement. Whether some statements need tweaking, or you catch some spelling errors, it’s best to review and revise at least twice before handing in your essay. Professors want your work to be its best, and with some work you might meet their expectations. For professional essay writing services, call today at 1-800-573-0840.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 85

Summary - Essay Example The authors provide useful information by indicating that minority ethnic groups are usually alternative consumers because they have a different culture compared to the mainstream population. The authors indicate that migration usually leads to increased presence of minority ethnic groups within a country. These groups are important, making it fundamental to consider their needs during marketing. In order to reach them, the marketers must embrace marketing strategies that are different from the macro community in the same country. In order to reach out to the minority ethnic groups, the marketers should apply procedures that several companies use when dealing with ethical problems. However, one may question such an ideology based on the divergent opinions from scholars and technocrats. It is impossible to apply organizational techniques to address the marketing needs of minority individuals. It is worth restating that failure to formulate comprehensive techniques would only lead to collapse of a marketing

Significance and Implications of Research Ethics to Nursing Essay

Significance and Implications of Research Ethics to Nursing - Essay Example Research ethics plays an important role in the nursing management and leadership. Since leaders and managers of healthcare institutions should abide by the highest ethical standards, they can guarantee ethical nursing practice only through research ethics. Both qualitative and quantitative research provides evidence that nurses can use to treat their patients or prevent specific medical conditions. Leaders and managers in nursing depend heavily on nursing research to provide effective directions and decisions that nurses can prefer in their medical undertakings. It implies that research ethics merits objectivity in nursing management through the provision of concrete results. Effective nursing management entails nursing practice and decision-making that is anchored on concrete evidence from research. Such research could either be qualitative or quantitative but either way, it must embrace ethical principles. Burns, Grove, and Gray list consequentialism, principlism, virtue ethics, an d deontology as four major nursing ethical theories that concern research ethics. These ethical theories inspire the thinking of leaders and managers in healthcare institutions to make ethical decisions in nursing practice. With regard to consequentialism, the outcome of nursing research determines the morality of the research. It means that the response in connection with certain medical undertakings can only be valid if they are positive irrespective of the decision-making process or the ethical principles applied to the research.

The Lululemon marketing plan for 2010 Essay Example for Free

The Lululemon marketing plan for 2010 Essay Introduction The Lululemon marketing plan for 2010 includes recommendations and goals for the Lululemon brand, as well as goals for the newly proposed male brand Outer Muscle. Main objectives include: âž ¢Introduce Male Brand Outer Muscle oTarget â€Å"Educated Physically Active Male† oPrice male brand similarly to Lululemon brand, using more-for-more pricing. oPositioned as high-price Yoga/Exercise Apparel oIncreased advertising at beginning of Life cycle, reducing advertising with age. âž ¢Continue with Current Lululemon Strategy oRetain exclusivity of brand oContinue use of Prestige Pricing oLittle to no promotion oVery little advertising oPersist with current marketing strategy for tween brand Ivivva âž ¢Increase Brand Awareness o2% increase in advertising budget oSponsorship of events, increased Philanthropy work, and outreach within community Target Market Lululemon’s current primary target market is the â€Å"Active Young-thinking Woman†. Women who are appearance-conscious, physically fit/active, well educated, aged 16-45, in the upper to middle class and residing in North America. Lululemon is using a niche marketing strategy, going after a very narrowly defined market segment, in which they have had great success. This niche market will remain the primary target market in 2010 however; Lululemon will also begin to target the â€Å"Pre-teen girl† market with the Ivivva brand, and the male market with the Outer Muscle brand. Lululemon already has a male clothing line, and has been trying to gain a part of the male-workout market for a while now. In 2010 Lululemon will use product development, introducing â€Å"Outer Muscle† as a new male clothing brand, made with the same commitment to quality as Lululemon. This new brand will cater to a male target market similar to Lululemon’s female â€Å"Active Young-thinking Woman†. This target market will be the â€Å"Educated Physically Active Male† will target educated males, who are appearance-conscious, physically fit/active, aged 16-45, residing in North America. This multi-brands branding strategy will allow Lululemon to market to pre-teen girls who may not be able to identify with the more-mature Lululemon brand, as well as to male consumers who would not be prone to shop at Lululemon, due to it’s over-positioned reputation as a female clothing company. Pricing strategy will continue to be a more-for-more value proposition within all brands of the company. Each constituent of the marketing strategy serves to ensure that Lululemon’s position in the mind of the consumer is not changed, while they venture into new target markets. Positioning Lululemon is currently positioned as a high quality, exclusive, yoga and sporting apparel company. In many ways Lululemon is over-positioned as a strictly female company, which is why in 2010 they will use multi-branding to address the male market. In using the proposed promotion strategy and advertisements, Lululemon will not change their current position significantly, but instead further differentiate themselves from competition in already established values. It would be a mistake for Lululemon to try to adopt lower prices having traditionally differentiated their products using more-for-more differentiation. By continuing to position them self as high-quality, high-price clothing, Lululemon can gain more customer loyalty, and ensure that they do not lose their image of superior quality. Lululemon will continue to uphold the highest quality standards for it’s products and position the male brand as high-priced, high quality clothing. Both brands will differentiate themselves from their main competition by catering to the yoga/exercise market, as compared to competitors addressing the daily-life fashion market, and the sporting apparel market. Pricing Strategy Value Added Pricing – Lululemon uses this pricing strategy when creating their apparel. Rather than cutting costs and making a lower quality product, they add extra features such as adjustable straps and women’s pockets to differentiate themselves from their competitors as well as help their target market justify spending more money on their products. Prestige Pricing – Even though Lululemon clothing is not comparable to a Rolex or Louis Vuitton purse, it is prestigious and exclusive in its product category. This is what Lulu’s target market loves about their brand. Its high quality not found in every city and mall, fashion forward and represents a healthy, well off lifestyle. These approaches to pricing are visibly successful in today’s economy. Even throughout the recent recession Lulu managed to maintain a profitable company, expanding their store count while creating expensive, high-end workout apparel. Changing their target market to accommodate the middle class to lower income demographic could be detrimental to Lulu’s  success. Creating a cheaper line of clothing or marking down products to sales items would lessen the exclusivity of Lululemon, which could then effect the current target markets perception of the brand. Recommendations for the pricing of the men’s brand we suggested earlier, is to keep prices relatively high but yet great quality and options for different features and different size options. This will follow the common theme Lulu has instilled in their customers and will help differentiate themselves from other competitors such as Nike and Adidas who thrive in the men’s athletic wear market. Distribution Strategy Lululemon stores are not situated on every street corner in every metropolitan area or large city. They base their distribution strategy more along the lines of exclusive opposed to intensive distribution, therefore stores can be found in cities across Canada and the United States where the desired target market is represented by similar and correlating demographics. Lululemon stores have a very welcoming atmosphere full of friendly faces and have an earthy feel too them. Saskatoon’s store is located downtown where all the great shopping lies which makes it a one stop shopping trip for Lulu customers, who can do it all once entering Saskatoon’s downtown area. Its location provides great convenience for their target market, which includes working, high-class women and young university students who live active lifestyles. Specialty store – Lululemon carries yoga inspired apparel for healthy lifestyles, which could be categorized as a narrow product line. However, within this line is a deep assortment of active wear that can be used for many sports and activities, for all shapes and sizes. Franchise – In Saskatoon the Lululemon is privately owned. This creates the opportunity for the franchisee to do the hiring and management of his or her employees to the best of their ability. For instance, the franchisee for Saskatoon’s Lululemon puts on an annual sale that is not administered by the franchisor. It allows Lulu customers from all over to merge in Regina for a three day sale of extremely marked down product from previous seasons. Recommendations for the men’s brand would be to open new stores beside the existing Lululemons. This would offer a separate entrance and atmosphere for men to enter in hope that it will eliminate the stereotype men have with Lululemon stores. Product Strategy Many of the components of Lululemon’s product and branding strategy are well suited for the target market of the company and will be maintained. Others will be altered in 2010 to increase product differentiation and brand awareness. Lululemon has a wide product line. This product line is available in a wide range of colors, designs, and patterns that stand out and are updated often. This allows Lululemon to remain attractive to their target market of fashionable women. These women want to stand out as trendy and unique, and because of this, the company will continue to regularly create many different styles to cater to them. The company will focus more attention on men’s clothing, but under a new brand. This strategy will be explained further under branding strategies. The current product mix will be modified. Currently it is very broad with few focal points. In 2010, Lululemon will not be offering bags, such as luggage, and backpacks, or work-out accessories. This strategy will give them the ability to focus more on the men’s brand. The tween brand, Ivivva, was implemented in fall 2009. This brand will offer products for those from the ages 6-12. Lululemon will continue to promote and develop this brand but in addition, new products will be developed including attire for activities such as dancing and ballet, figure skating, and swimming. Lululemon will maintain their current packaging tactics involving the use of shopping bags and price tags. The bags are reusable, stylish, and inspirational. The tags that are found on each item are very informative, containing the directions and uses of the product. Both methods are useful and are appropriate for their well-educated target market. Since this packaging approach fits the need of the current target market so well, Lululemon should continue with this strategy. Currently, the services of Lululemon include free alterations. Lululemon will continue to offer this courtesy. The company will also be offering various classes such as yoga and pilates. Branding Strategy Lululemon is currently branded as a high quality and prestigious brand. The company should still be positioned as such, but will become much more distinct. Currently, Hoopla is a competitor; especially since the clothing styles and branding are so similar. To differentiate itself, Lululemon will alter the logo that they place on their clothing. The waistband or the hem of the clothing will feature a small inspirational message plus the Lululemon logo. Some of these messages include â€Å"dance, sing, floss, and travel† and â€Å"breathe deeply†. This characteristic will make Lululemon stand out, as well as add a unique component to each item. This uniqueness will appeal to the target market. In addition, a new brand will be implemented under Lululemon in 2010 for men’s wear. The name of this brand is Outer Muscle. The logo is derived from the lower case Greek symbol theta, which will coincide nicely with the Greek Lululemon logo omega. Theta represents a mathematical tool associate with angle, so Outer Muscle’s slogan will be â€Å"Get the perfect angle on your work-out†. This brand will be targeting educated and active men in the same age category as Lululemon’s target market. Outer Muscle will also be positioned as high priced, high quality, and trendy. The branding strategy used is multi-branding because a new brand is being developed with existing products. Now, the men’s wear and women’s wear will be separated. Advertising and Promotion Strategy (IMC) Lululemon’s advertising and promotion strategy will mostly be maintained, with a few modifications. Currently, Lululemon advertises through their reusable bags, through word of mouth, and through a few events. Also, their  logo is found on each product and they are advertised in a one page spread in the University of Saskatchewan handbook. Their strategy of involving very little integrated and marketing communications (IMC) makes Lululemon an exclusive and prestigious brand. Having few sales or promotions adds to the exclusivity and value of the brand. Since this strategy is appropriate for the target market that wants to appear distinct, and privileged, it will be maintained. One alteration is the addition of more public relations by being involved in more events. By sponsoring athletic events and events at the University, the company will not only be noticed by their target market, but be seen as an ethical and respectable company. The company will also be sponsoring events such as the Breast Cancer Walk and Relay For Life, which will also help the company’s image. Due to the upcoming Olympics, Lululemon will be sponsoring the athletes with swag bags that include water bottles, headbands, workout gear, and lounge gear. An incentive will be added for shoppers in 2010. An events card will be distributed to customers. This card is a punch card. After purchasing $500 of merchandise, the consumer will be able to attend a free athletic class that is offered by Lululemon. By offering events instead of discounts or bonuses as rewards, the company will still be seen as highly prestigious. To promote the new brand, Outer Muscle, the IMC budget will be increased from approximately 1% of total profits to 3%. Strategies such as sponsoring athletic teams, online advertising, and advertising in athletic magazines will be executed. Once Outer Muscle occupies 25% of the market share for men’s athletic yoga/exercise apparel and has been established as a competitor to brands such as Under Armour, the IMC budget will be reduced back to 1%. It will be reduced to become an exclusive and prestigious brand like Lululemon. Conclusion In conclusion to achieve our main goals: âž ¢Addressing the male market âž ¢Preserving â€Å"exclusivity† of Lululemon âž ¢Increasing Brand Awareness Lululemon will make use of multi-branding introducing the new brand Outer Muscle targeted towards the male market. They will continue the use of more-for-more prestige pricing to retain their exclusive image. Finally they will increase their budget for advertising/promotions, with a heavy emphasis on philanthropy and community outreach, to further increase brand awareness and distinguish Lululemon from competitors.

Wind Energy Essay -- Power Renewable Resource Global Warming

Wind Energy â€Å"Take care, your worship; those things over there are not giants but windmills.† -Don Quixote de la Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes I. Abstract: Wind energy has many pros and cons, and thus is subject to much scrutiny as a viable energy source. A fundamental qualification for wind power is the ability to support the vast industries and the enterprises of the 6.3 billion people that inhabit this planet. In addition, wind power must be able to meet the needs of the Earth’s population in a renewable, reliable, and responsible manner. In the following paper, wind energy will be evaluated based on its energy/cost efficiency, possible environmental ramifications, its practicality and the various countries already implementing it, the logistics of installing and maintaining the turbines, and finally any possible improvements that loom in the future. II. Historical Background: Since the dawn of time, man has relied upon wind to run his creations, most notably windmills and boats. In fact, the first wind-driven machines were implemented in Persia as early as 200 B.C. However, in the last decade, wind power has come to the forefront in the race to unearth alternate energy sources. America and the world as a whole have relied upon non-renewable sources of energy for decades. In previous years, the search for renewable energy had been relegated to the backburner, lying dormant as the oil market boomed. However, the use of fossil fuels has been embroiled in many environmental issues, not to mention political and economical ones. However, rising oil prices and the questionable security of America’s oil sources has led to a new clarion call for clean, efficient energy. Proponents of wind power argue that it is clean, resp... ...onic, tulip encircled windmills of Holland with new, ultra-modern designs. The thatched roofs and the wooden frames have been replaced with steel that is strong yet still light. Indeed, if Don Quixote attempted to charge these windmills, he would be in for quite a surprise. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/docs/documents/1214/wind-velocity-diagram.png CALCULATIONS The basic equation P = 0.5Av3 details the maximum power produced by wind blowing through a certain cross sectional area (A) where v=velocity, Ï =density of air, and P=Power. P = 1/2 Ï  A v3 P = power (W) Ï  = density of air (kg/m3) (At sea level and at 20  °C, air has a density of approximately 1.2 kg/m3). A = cross sectional area (m2) v = wind velocity (m/s) NOTE: Density of air is directly proportional to density and altitude. Thus as temperature and altitude decrease, air density decreases as well.

Playgroups support and offer valuable opportunities Essay

Playgroups support and offer valuable opportunities for parents to meet and share their experiences and for children to play and socialise. They are coordinated by qualified community workers who give parenting tips and advice and provide information about other community services for families. Expert guest speakers are invited to talk about topics related to parenting or childhood development. Parents are encouraged to become involved in planning and running playgroup activities. Playgroups provide a range of learning experiences to stimulate children’s intellectual growth. They learn about interactions with other children and can develop their communication skills. The community workers can help parents with behaviour-management techniques, provide information for parents about topics such as child development, health, hygiene and child safety. They can also help with developing social networks for parents, and identify developmental problems and refer families to relevant services. BENEFITS FOR FAMILIES Supported playgroups bring a number of benefits to the communities in which they operate and to the people who take part. These benefits areThis is a service that lends toys, games, puzzles and educational aids to families. The items from the toy libraries must be returned at a certain time. At some toy libraries, children are allowed to attend the library to play with the toys there. Leisure library – this provides play materials for adults, especially for disabled adults and families from disadvantaged backgrounds, who have not known the joy of play. Teenagers can also benefit form these libraries, as there is challenging activities that could positively counteract effects of boredom, such as drugs and alcohol abuse. The libraries for children, the toys/resources that are lent, can help children to develop physically, mentally, socially and emotionally. They can learn through play by imitating, exploring, creating, solving problems and sharing with others, (brothers/sisters). Toy libraries promote ACTIVE LEARNING. The libraries also help low-income families who are not able to provide their children with adequate learning opportunities. The parents may not be able to send their child to any form of pre-school centres. Specialist toys and equipment, which can be very expensive to buy, can be available for children who have special needs. Many toys which can be bought at home, end up lying about the house, with the toy library, 1 toy is exchanged for another. Other benefits for having a toy library is that it can help parents learn about and are empowered to provide suitable stimulation for their child. Some may say that parents don’t want to get involved, but the fact is that the parent doesn’t know what to do or how to do it. The toy library could help the children and parents to play together, to share the activities, this would help to strengthen the family unit. Children who are ‘at risk’ can receive preventive stimulation, the toys at the library may be graded, this can help the child make steady progress on their development. The child’s self confidence may increase with each toy, when they master the activity. Therapists report that children receiving therapy and also belong to a toy library, generally improve faster with their development and social well-being. There can be additional services that can be offered by toy libraries, these are names of childminders, schools in the area. Leaflets giving information about organisations, nutrition and different workshops, that are available in the local area. Homestart This is a charity organisation, in which parent volunteers help families and children through rough patches in their lives. Volunteers help all types of parents, mums struggling with post-natal depression, young couples who don’t have any idea of what to do during their babies early years, professional women having difficulty coping with the switch from the structured work environment, to home life and late parenthood. The volunteers provide non-judgement support to allow the people to build on their own strengths. Homestart volunteers set out to end the isolation that parents with young children experience. It offers friendship, practical help and support. They are trained how to talk, encourage, when necessary to guide mums and dads. The parent volunteers create an atmosphere in which families can cope with the pressures they are facing, this can then reduce the potential, for family breakdown. The volunteers can also help families get their act together sufficiently so they no longer need the supervision of statutory social services. E. g. in 2003/4, 822 children whose families were supported by Homestart were removed form the child protection register. The volunteers work alongside parents, not telling them how to bring up their children, but may offer advice if asked. Sure start children’s centres These centres are in the most disadvantaged areas. The services they provide are:- Good quality early learning, combined with full day care provision for children, this could be effective for both child and parents. The child would make friends, learn and develop their skills and their developmental stage. The parents may be able to go out and find work. There are effective links with Jobcentre Plus for training or employment. Their would be support and services to parents and children who may need different services. I. e. special needs. The workers there, give information and advice to parents on a range of subjects, I. e.  childcare, looking after babies and young children, education services for 3 and 4 year olds. They have drop in sessions and other activities for children and parents, this can help parents socialise with other parents, make friends, look at other children and see other children playing, parents playing with their children and learning them to do the same. It can stop parents form being isolated in their home, getting them out and active, letting them discover new activities, learning about themselves and others around them, discovering new hobbies.